Radio waves :: essays research papers

Science CompetitionSpace TimelineThis below is my timeline of space it should explain the many theories of how the reality came to be. It should explain roughly how galaxy was formed and what symbolize our star the sun is in at this point in this present meaning. The Time Line will take you from the moment it was created to the moment it will die. It will show each step in as much detail as I can find.The Big iron boot TheoryI am going to start the timeline with the big bang theory as people/scientists believe that it was at this point at which our innovation was createdThe diagram below shows the early stages of the universe after the big bang. I am going to show you step by step how each stage happened and what it meant. The short section of the timeline below shows the short period of time, 300 million years after the big bang.Stage 1 The Big Bang-The universe began with an ebullition that generated space and time, as well as all the matter and energy the universe has and will ever hold. For a small fraction of a stake, the universe was an infinitely dense, hot fireball. The present theory described a peculiar form of energy that could suddenly push out the fabric of space. On a rare occasion, a process called "Inflation" can cause a vast expansion of space filled with this energy. The inflationary expansion could only be stopped when this energy had transformed into matter and energy as we know it.-Stage 2 Universe Shaped- After inflation, one millionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe continued to expand but not nearly as quickly as it had done. As it expanded, it became less dense and cooled down. The intimately basic forces in nature were discovered first gravity, then the strong forces then the weak followed by the electromagnetic forces. By the first second, the universe was do up of elementary (basic) particles and energy basic elements such as quarks, electrons, photons, neutrinos and less familiar types. These particle s smashed together to form protons and neutrons.Stage 3 Basic Elements Formed- 3 seconds after the universe had shaped Protons and neutrons came together to form the nuclei of simple elements such as hydrogen, helium and lithium. It took another 300,000 years for electrons to be captured into orbits around those nuclei to form fixed atoms.

802.11 standards :: essays research papers

Abbreviation of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pronounced I-triple-E. Founded in 1884 as the AIEE, the IEEE was formed in 1963 when AIEE co-ordinated with IRE. IEEE is an organization composed of engineers, scientists, and students. The IEEE is best known for developing standards for the computer and electronics industry. In particular, the IEEE 802 standards for local-area networks are wide followed.Anyone that has worked with a computer on a network has at some point been exposed to the 802 standards. The 802 standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electonics Engineers for the primary use in the computer and electronics industry. The IEEE 802 standards for local area networks are widely followed. The IEEE only establishes the standard. The industry leaders in network technology have for the to the highest degree part accepted these standards and develop their products to meet these standards.What are the pros and cons of developing to a set sta ndard?The standards developed under the 802 title cover several aspects of networking technology. A short list of the standard and the area covered arelocal area network/MAN Bridging & Management (802.1)Logical Link Control (802.2)Token Ring Access Method (802.5) radio LANs (802.11)Demand Priority Access Method (802.12)Wireless Personal Area Networks (802.15)Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (802.16)Resilent Packet Rings (802.17)(http//standards.ieee.org/catalog/olis/lanman.html)There has been volumes written on each of these standards. The one that closely individuals have been exposed to is the 802.11(X) standard. This standard deals with the setup and use of a radio receiver local area network. This LAN for many is setup as a sept network consisting of a high speed moden, wireless router and a pc/laptop with a wireless network interface card. Some of the more commonplace vendors for wireless NICs and routers are Netgear, D-link and Belkins. The size and shape of th e hardware might be slightly different but they all conform to the 802.11 standard. Until recently most people didnt pay much attention to the small b following the 802.11 (802.11b). Most non-engineers would buy the product, install the device and hoped that it worked. In todays environment it may not be quite that easy. The type of NIC must match the router being used in terms of the 802.11( ) standard in use. These wireless products come in 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11b/g. These suffix letters have a distinct meaning in the world of wireless. Knowing what they mean even at a novice level will be a time and money saver.

Oedipus the King: Unrealistic or Realistic Essay -- Oedipus the King

Oedipus Rex Unrealistic or Realistic Lets explore the traces of realsim and its opposite in Sophocles tragedy, Oedipus Rex. The first obvious interrogative is How can this drama possibly be considered realistic since it relies so heavily on predetermination and fate in the life of the protagonist, Oedipus? As Jocasta recounts to Oedipus An oracle erstwhile came to Laius (I will not say Twas from the Delphic god himself, but from His ministers) declaring he was doomed To perish by the hand of his own son, A child that should be born to him by me. Charles Segal in Oedipus Tyrannus has a solid rebuttal to what appears predestination The issues of destiny, predetermination, and foreknowledge atomic number 18 raised as problems, not as dogma. How practically control do we have over the shape of our lives? How much of what happens to us is due to heredity, to accidents, to sheer luck. . . . These are the questions that the play raises, and it raises them as questions. It shows us men and women who are both powerful and helpless, often at the same moment. Oedipus embodies the human condition. . . . (75-76). If this critic is correct that Oedipus embodies the human condition as it really is, then he is all in all representative of reality, and not unrealistic as it might appear on first reading. Victor Ehrenberg in Sophoclean Rulers Oedipus analyzes the protagonist of the tragedy and finds a balanced, realistic fiber who possesses the qualities of a king, including the human, realistic desire for more Oedipus is a good king, a father of his people, an honest and great ruler, while at the same time an heavy(p) intellect. . . . He even shares the thro... ...Sophoclean Rulers Oedipus. In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. OBrien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Herodotus. The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt. England Penguin Books, 1972. Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus Tragic Herois m and the Limits of Knowledge. New York Twayne Publishers, 1993. Sophocles In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi Bowra, C. M. Sophocles practice session of Mythology. In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1997.

dark side :: essays research papers

THE DARK SIDESara was a 15 year old girl who had just moved into brisk town with her mom. Her parents got divorced and she was taking it very hard. She missed all her friends and family she left back home and she felt out of place. All she wanted is her old emotional state back and be happy like she used to be. But that was impossible and she just had to deal with the situation.She started her first year of high school and she hated it. She didnt fit in with the crowd, the teachers picked on her, and her grades were poor. She gave up on her hobbies, like sports, and drawing things that she enjoyed doing. In other words, she became depressed. Spending all her time daydreaming of a remediate life, during the night, she stayed up and cried. She felt so lonely, wanting to escape to a far off place.As those terrifying days passed, she met this group of kids. Others didnt like them because of their mediaeval ways. Kids were scared of them, and became known as the outcasts. Sara became acquainted with them fast. They started to hang out more, she felt comfortable around their presence. She also started to like the activities they did like spells, witchcraft, rituals, and ceremonies that took place at the cemetery. She was fascinate and glad that she found her spiritual side.She automatically changed. She became this unknown person. Her mother and the people around her noticed that she became weird. But she enjoyed what she did, because it gave her a sense of power and control everyplace her life. Although, what she didnt know was that the witchcraft became her obsession. She stared to get more involved in it. Now not only did she did spells, Voo Doo Dolls, and rituals but she started Black Magic. Which is very dangerous, and it efficiency even cause disaster. Her habits got so out of hand that even the crowd didnt want to hang around with her, because they were afraid to mess with Black Magic. Sara believed so strongly in the evil powers that she decided to in voke the evil spirit. At midnight, she went to the cemetery all by herself. She made a fire and drew the commove stars around it with human blood. She kneeled down in front of the burning fire, holding the black book in her hands, she said the following words EVIL olfactory property COME TO ME, I INVOKE THEE, and she threw a mixture into the flames.

The Roles of NREM and REM Sleep On Memory Consolidation Essay -- Resea

The Roles of N paradoxical sleep and REM Sleep On Memory Consolidation All mammals exhibit Rapid-Eye-Movement, or REM, sleep, and all the same on certain levels this type of sleep would seem to be disadvantageous. During REM sleep, which is when most dreams occur, the brain uses much more energy than during non-REM ( orthodox sleep) sleep. (1) This waste of energy twin with the increased vulnerability of this state on account of the bodys paralysis at this time suggests that there must be a very important reason, or reasons, for the existence of REM sleep and in extension of dreams. Determining the function of dreams, however, has proved very problematic with many arguments which directly oppose each other. some of the primary functions of dreaming have been tied to is role in development, its production of neuro-proteins, and also to how it may allow for the rehearsal of neurons and neuronal pathways. The influence of dreaming on learning is one of the hottest debates. Some a rgue that dreams aid in learning, others that dreams aid in forgetting, and yet others that dreams have no effect on learning or memory. That REM sleep seems to aid in development might argue that REM sleep may be connected to learning. It seems that most scientists believe that REM sleep aids in certain memory consolidations although some argue that it actually leads to reverse learning. Before discussing the role of NREM and REM in learning, it is infallible to clarify the identity of and differences between the two. This type of sleep is marked by different stages based on different the different brainwaves exhibited. REM sleep differs from NREM in that most dreams occur during REM sleep although the two activities are not synonymous. REM is also marked by an incre... ...ourcehttp//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web1/alippman.html3)The REM Sleep-Memory Consolidation Hypothesis, bind on Center for Sleep Researchs homepage, Interesting site for sleep disordershttp//w ww.nrip.ucla.edu/sleepresearch/science/1058full.html4)Nature website, good for scientific articleshttp//www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/news020218/020218-205)MIT News website, interesting articleshttp//web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/dreams.html6) TALK ABOUT SLEEP, Inc., basics answers more or less sleephttp//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web2/)%20http//www.talkaboutsleep.com/basics/Sleep_Understanding_NINDS.htm7)Harvard Undergraduate Society for Neuroscience, connected to Computer Science Programhttp//hcs.harvard.edu/husn/BRAIN/vol1/sleep.html8)UCSC Psych Website, http//psych.ucsc.edu/dreams/Articles/purpose.html

The Good Enough Family :: essays research papers

<a href="http//www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThe families of the not as well distant ultimo were oriented along four axes. These axes were not mutually exclusive. Some overlapped, all of them enhanced each other. People got married because of well-disposed cart and social norms (the Social Dyad), to form a more efficient or synergetic economic unit (the Economic Dyad), in pursuit of psychosexual bound (the Psychosexual Dyad), to secure a long term companionship (the Companionship Dyad). Thus, we can talk about the following four axes Social-Economic, Emotional, Utilitarian (Rational), Private-Familial. To illustrate how these axes were intertwined, allow us consider the Emotional one. People got married because they felt very strongly about living alone. But they felt so also because of social pressures. Some of them subscribed to ideologies which promoted the family as a pillar of society, the basic cell of the national organism, a hothouse in which to breed children to empower the nation and so on. These ideologies of personal contributions to collectives had a strong emotional dimension and provided impetus to a host of behaviour patterns. The emotional investment in todays individualistic-capitalist ideologies is no smaller. Technological developments rendered past thinking obsolete and dysfunctional but did not quench Mans thirst for guidance and a worldview. Still, as technology evolved, it became more and more disruptive in so far as families were concerned. Increased mobility, a decentralization of information sources, the transfers of the traditional functions of the family to societal and private sector establishments, the increased incidence of interactions, safer sex with lesser consequences to those who engage in it all assisted the disintegration of the traditional family. Consider the trends that affected women, for instance 1. The emergence of common marit al property and of laws for its equal dispersion in case of divorce constituted a shift in legal philosophy in most societies. The result was a major (and on going) distribution of wealth and its transfer from men to women. Add to this the disparities in life expectancy between the two genders and the magnitude of the redistribution of economic resources becomes evident. Women are becoming richer at the expense of men because they live long enough to inherit them and because they get a share of the marital property when they divorce them. These "endowments" are larger than their quantifiable contribution to the formation of the wealth thus redistributed.

Study Skills Assignment

Table of Contents lying-in 11 1. Introduction2 2. Research dodging2 3. Data store upion methods3 3. 1Primary selective information solicitation method3 3. 2Secondary entropy collection method3 4. Resources/Data Access4 5. How and wherefore4 Task 25 1. Project Plan5 Work disruption exhaust structure (WBS)6 2. Understanding the instructions6 3. Managing season in effect As a Post Graduate Learner7 4. Gant graph7 5. Collection of information8 6. Write a more slender computer program9 7. Getting Started, Editing the work, proof training the outline and the closing edit9 Task 310 Critical reproof Report10References13 PLANNING & REFLECTING AT POSTGRADUATE aim Task 1 Develop a inquiry strategy explaining EXACTLY how you go forth find applicable academic material to help you with THIS SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT, i. e. unique(predicate) search strategies & search terms, which databases & journals you allow for query, how & why, etc. 1. Introduction An appointment is a childbed t hat is given to testify a students association regarding a particular submit or topic which he/she is asked to produce as a part of his/her academic course and this assignment is usu on the wholey assessed.However, at that place are diametrical chassiss of assignments given during the course such as theoretical assignments, practical assignments containing surmise and some practical approach by conducting primary search for example, development of business propose (Bell, 2002). The student/ investigateer when given an assignment should first develop an visualizeing of the contents of the assignment and then should develop a research strategy tally to which he/she can start and complete the given assignment.Apart from developing a research strategy for the assignment another grievous which needs to be considered is the mode of data collection and the sources from where the data for the particular assignment could be self-collected. Further the writer needs to keep in sc hool principal the length/word count of the assignment, the kind of report take whether an essay is asked to write or a report that might be containing headings, diagrams, charts and graphs (Bell and Chan, 2005). 2. Research strategy A research strategy is a plan of action that gives direction to your efforts, enabling you to conduct research systematically rather than randomly (Bain, 2000). The following research strategy will be engaged to conduct the current assignment * Thorough study of the topic and related subjects prior to start the assignment. * Understanding the requirements of the assignment * Thinking of such ideas that can make the assignment different from others. * Inquiring yourself as what do I want to do in the assignment? * compile data through with(predicate) browsing different sources. Locating a specific piece of information * Retrieving all the related material on the given subject Further, for the current assignment the research strategy adopted by the writer would be based on the requirements of the assignment. As the assignment requires the development of such a strategy which will help the writer to find the academic material for the current assignment. However the following slipway will be utilized to collect data. 3. Data collection methods The most widely used data collection methods are * Primary data collection method * Secondary data collection method 4. Primary data collection method Primary data is usually present in raw form or in the accepted form which the researcher collects by employing different methods such as questionnaire, observations, and focus groups, personal and telephonic interviews. This kind of data is not used previously in any(prenominal) research or by anyone. However for the current study this kind of data collection method would not be required as the current assignment does not require any such data that requires the development of questionnaire, conducting interviews or observations (Kumar and Ranjit, 2005). 4. 2 Secondary data collection methodThis kind of data already exists in published and non published form, however secondary data is mainly comprised of compiled statistical reports, financial reports, news, articles and journals which could be accessed through different research engines such as Google and through various sources such EMARLD, Mintel, EBSCO, Jstor, Lexis, Key noe, Willey Interscience and Nexis and also through books and web pages. However for completing the current assignment secondary data collection method will be employed and data will be collected through different resources (Dawson, 2002). 4. Resources/Data AccessThe information tack to take onhered for the current assignment were from different resources such as Journal of Educational Administration, International Studies in Educational Administration, except few books were also employed to gather information such as Developing and applying study skills. London Chartered Institute of personne l and development, Project management a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, edition. 9th Canada posterior Wiley & Sons, The 7 habits of highly effective people. unify Kingdom Simon & Schuster UK ltd and Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed.England Pearson Education Limited (Saunders et al. , 2003). 5. How and Why The journal of educational administration was fix by using EMARLD, which is an authenticated academic resource and students have access to it through the respective university/college library. Further the international studies in educational administration were also found through EMARLD. The different articles and journal were found by entering the key words of the subject in the search bar and the search engine will find relevant articles. However the different books were accessed through Wiley Interscience such as Developing and applying study skills.London Chartered Institute of personnel and development, Project management a systems a pproach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, edition. 9th Canada John Wiley & Sons, however few web pages were also accessed through Google Scholar (http//scholar. google. com). These resources were employed due their academic authenticity as well as they are properly published resources bearing proper power name and the year they were published (Saunders et al. , 2003). Task 2 1. Project Plan The project plan for the current assignment is simple and is presented as follows * Understanding the instructions What is the question actually asking for? * Have a quick plan before starting * Collection of information * Use of other authors work * Write a more detailed plan * Getting started * Editing the work * Proofreading the draft * The final edit The project plan for starting and completing this assignment is also given in the following form (work break down structure). Work break down structure (WBS) 2. Understanding the instructions The first and foremost step after getting any kind of assignment is to read it carefully and understand its instructions and for instance if there is ny ambiguity it could be cleared at the beginning so that the assignment could be completed with clear instructions. In brass of the current assignment the writer read the instructions and discussed it with the tutor to have a more taking into custody of the requirements. Moreover, the question/query being asked was fully mum and a quick plan as how to start the assignment was made which included work break down structure and Gantt chart. This further enabled the writer to guess the time required for the current assignment (Kerzner, 2006) 3. Managing Time Effectively As a Post Graduate Learner Time management refers to the development of processes and tools that add-on efficiency and productivity (Ward, 2012). Further it allows a person to mange time effectively and allocates right time to right activity. Managing time effectively allows the individual to prioritize activitie s according to their importance and allot specific time slot to that activity. Like wise in order to mange time effectively and after having a complete understanding of the instructions the writer was capable of allotting the time required for the current assignment.As time management is critical and classic factor in completion of the assignment (Mancini, 2003). 4. Gant chart The Gantt charts are rigorously used as a project planning tool that could be utilized in order to present the timings of activities that are required to be done in a project. However, Gantt charts are very simple and easy to make and they are widely used by project managers for all type of projects (Durfee, 2008). The following Gantt chart is base on the work break down structure given above. The following graph shows the work load scattering over the week days.It is evident from the graph that more time was given to the assignment on the weekends that is 25 percent on Saturday and 28 percent on Sunday howe ver the distribution of work is done as per the following percentages on each day. 5. Collection of information This is the most important activity in qualification an assignment as the assignment is produced using information gathered from different sources. However, for the current assignment different sources were utilized in order to get advantageously superior academic article, journals, books and web pages.These sources include Journal of Educational Administration International Studies in Educational Administration, further few books were also employed to gather information such as Developing and applying study skills. London Chartered Institute of personnel and development, Project management a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, edition. 9th Canada John Wiley & Sons, The 7 habits of highly effective people. United Kingdom Simon & Schuster UK ltd and Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed. England Pearson Education Limited.An important point while gathering information was to cite the core books and such sources that have been recommended by the tutor, apart from these additional information was also gathered. In case if the writer can not get good articles, the best way is to look at the book of facts list of any one article and the writer can search for the articles and books used by the author of that article. Another important point to be considered is that while collecting information the writer must be sure the material being collected is relevant to the topic he is searching for, otherwise this can distract the writer from the main topic (Covey, 2004). . Write a more detailed plan In this stage, after collecting the information the writer needs to select the information which is to be included in the assignment and also the order in which it will come. At this stage the writer has to plan how to organize the information and his thoughts for this he may have to write a list, draw flow diagram, and make charts a nd tables in order to arrange the information in a symmetrical and presentable form. This practice helps the writer to execute time and the assignment will have a flow rather than jumping between different topics.Thus making a detailed plan/structure of the assignment will helps the writer to have a more balanced assignment. 7. Getting Started, Editing the work, proofreading the draft and the final edit After making the structure and flow of the assignment, it is easier for the writer to start the assignment however, the assignment is usually started with an introduction which is a brief explanation of the topic and this portion gives an insight of the assignment what is it all approximately.An important matter which must be remembered that every(prenominal) time the writer makes some notes from a source he/she should keep the reference of the source and it will prevent the assignment from plagiarism and will compose time at the end as well. Similarly the writer should make nec essary edition in the assignment where necessary, moreover after completing the assignments the writer should proof read the whole draft and make necessary corrections where required and also should check for the grammatical mistakes if any.The writer should follow proper reference way as prescribed by the tutor. Following the above mentioned plan can help the writer make a quality assignment (Currie, 2005). Task 3 Write a 1000 word REFLECTIVE piece (with relevant academic references) that critically analyses the following FOR THIS SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT Critical Reflection Report To begin with, the module study skills for post potash alum learning has been helpful in so many ways as it helped me develop my skills for the post graduate study level.During the course I learnt many things which enabled me to improve my study performance and enhance my skills both at studies and inter personal skills. Further devising a project plan strategy has helped me a lot in enhancing my skills as h ow a research is done, what are the necessary steps that should be considered, what the different ways through which data could be are collected and how data could be collected. However there were certain problems which were encountered during the research report such as data collection.It was not easy to gather a comprehensive and to the point data from the various resources, therefore the writer has to be very precise and accurate about selection of data as wrong data could lead to ambiguous statements and can distract the writer from main topic. Therefore from the current module I have learnt how to search for a particular topic and how to extract the relevant material from it. However, this practice will remain helpful through my academic charge as I will need to search for other subjects as well in order to prepare the assignments (Kolb, 1999).Another aspect which has helped me during this module is the time management. Time management is an effective tool through which one ca n mange different activities on time and can give proper time for completing the task as well. During the current assignment, in order to complete and submit the assignment on time, I made a proper work break down structure through which I divided each task in small chunks and allotted time as per its priority and this helped me in managing the task in time. Moreover, the division of work according to an allotted time helped me expedite my activities and complete them on time.This particular aspect of time management will be greatly helpful for me in my early life as this practice will allow me to do the tasks in future in the same way. This will further help me to complete my tasks on time also making a break down structure and allotting time will reduce my work shoot down and I will be able to do the same the work in a more professional and proper manner rather than haphazardly (Allwood, 1980). The process of searching has enabled me to skim through the documents and take the re levant ones out rather studying each and every document and wasting my time.This is an important quality the researcher must posses as in case of short time and where quick action is required, this quality enables the reader to quickly skim through the important notes and respond accordingly (Lillian, 2005) During the course of this assignment as many articles and journals were gathered in order to retrieve useful information for the assignment, by going through this practice, my reading habit has enhanced a lot and reading more has also enhanced my knowledge about particular topic and in future same practice will increase my knowledge about different topics.Another important learning through this assignment is that the more I read different articles and books it enhances my vocabulary. Prior to getting into the reading habit, my vocabulary was week but now if I find I am not aware about any topic or I lack in any information then I search for the particular topic and learn about th at topic. The reading habit has made books my friend and through this I enhance my knowledge about different subjects and topics.This habit can help me in future as well as whatever is learnt in present or past does help the individual in future as well and this can save the time of the individual in future from relearning (Martin and Harrell, 2004). Talking specifically of the SSPL assignment, it was a great learning over all. As the assignment itself was focusing primarily on the ways students gathers information in order to make an assignment. For a student its a great learning throughout his education career as this enables the student to learn the proper way of making the assignment.This in turn helps the student score good grades. From the current assignment, I came to know that the first thing after getting any assignment or project is to understand its instructions well before starting and after understanding the instructions, an initial plan or structure should be drafted t hat comprises of the writers ideas, and then information should be gathered accordingly. This drafted structure helped me to have symmetry in my work.However, during the collection of information I came up with better ideas and the information collected gave me new ideas to think in different perspectives about the same topic. Through this assignment I came to learn about making connection of the previous paragraph to the link, rather than jumping from one topic to another (Kim, 2001). Another important learning through this assignment which will benefit me in the future as well is the proper referencing of the information I took from other sources.This prevents me from plagiarism. As plagiarism is copying someone else work or ideas without well-favored any credit or reference (Burney, 2012). I learnt through this assignment that copy pasting any authors work is unethical, however, if one reproduce any idea in his/her own words by properly referencing it, then it is not plagiarism . However, through this practice I came to know about different styles of referencing such as APA style Harvard style of referencing.To put it in a nutshell, it was a great learning experience through this assignment and it will help me in future to draft quality assignments and score good grades. And it is accurately said by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. that To be master of any branch of knowledge, you must master those which lie next to it and thus to know anything you must know all. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. References Allwood, J. (1976), Linguistic Communication as Action and Cooperation, Monographs in Linguistics 2, Dept of Linguistics, Goteborg University. Allwood, J. 1980), Power and Communication in Allwood, J & Ljung, M (red) Alvar A festshrift to Alvar Ellegard, SPELL 1, Dept of English, Stockholm University. Bain, A. (2000), The school design model strategy for design of 21st century schools, in Dimmock, C. and Walker, A. (Eds), Future direct Administration Western and Asian Perspectives, Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 131-66. Bell, L. (2002), Strategic planning and school management full of sound and fury, signifying nothing? Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 0 No. 5, pp. 407-24. Bell, L. and Chan, D. W. K. (2005), Principals leadership and strategic planning in primary schools in Hong Kong and England a comparison, International Studies in Educational Administration, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 2-21. Burney, A. (2012), Plagiarism, online, available at http//www. uok. edu. pk/news/docs/PlagPres. pdf, accessed on 06/05/2012. Lillian. C, (2005), Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Currie D. , (2005) Developing and applying study skills.London Chartered Institute of personnel and development. Covey S. R. , (2004) The 7 habits of highly effective people. United Kingdom Simon & Schuster UK ltd Dawson, C. (2002), Practical Research Methods, New Delhi, UBS PublishersDistributors. Durfee, W. (2008 ), Project Planning and Gantt Charts, Online, available at http//www. me. umn. edu/courses/me2011/handouts/proj_planning. pdf, accessed on 05/05/2012. Kumar and Ranjit, 2005, Research Methodology-A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners,(2nd. ed. ),Singapore, Pearson Education. Kim, Y. Y. 2001), Becoming intercultural An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Kolb D. (1999). The Kolb Learning Style Inventory, Version 3. Boston Hay Group. Martin, J. N. , & Harrell, T. (2004), Intercultural re-entry of students and professionals Theory and practice. In D. Landis, J. M. Bennett, & M. J. Bennett (Eds. ), Handbook of intercultural training, 3rd ed. 309336. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Saunders M. , Lewis P. and Thornhill A. , (2003) Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed. England Pearson Education Limited.

Perceived Aspects Required in an Ideal System of Education

An ideal system of education requires distinct characteristics. Our education system today is not quite perfect. either education institutions sh ar a common goal. The goal is for all told the students to gain knowledge that they didnt have before in order to compete in the reli adapted world. Morowitz wrote that many people believe education is a method of transferring knowledge from master to pupil. The majority of people believe this is obtaining education. There is more to the concept that students be depositories and the instructors be the depositor. ( Paule Friere ) The success of the students ar directly connected to the environment he is surrounded. A perfect education system has to start with a comfortable environment. The teacher also has to be knowledgeable and not believe in the myth that teachers justifies their own existence through their students ignorance absolute. (Paule Friere) A perfect institution of education should be able to accommodate cultural change, diversity, have a strict curriculum with alternative teaching strategies, and promotes interaction among their peers.In 1998, a television program called 60 Minutes, aired a special investigation of the get together States educational system when compared to the educational system of China and Germany. The results of this investigation surprised many citizens of the U. S. , including myself. check to 60 minutes, the United States system of education is failing tremendously when compared to other to Germany and China. They build a direct connection between the failure of U. S. students and the teaching methods the U. S. imposes on them. Also, the success of the students of China and Germany shared a similar philosophy.China and Germany greatly promotes interaction between the students at a very puppyish age. In America, the students are more interested in individual success. American students learn to become a distinct individual. These studentss believe that this identity is wha t defines them. Everyone is constantly competing against one another, trying to create an identity for themselves. A junior in high school may think that working at Mcdonalds makes him a MAN while in China and Germany, their students are probably training for a better job in the future.Very few American students are being introduced to group work and the concept of interaction among their classmates. They dont realize the strong bonding that occurs when people share and discuss ideas because the United States doesnt realize it either. Inversely, in Germany and China, the concept of group work is greatly stressed. They believe it leads to a much greater benefit. As 60 minutes investigated, they found out that students in Germany and China have higher test scores than American students, there are less crimes, and the percentage of unemployment is extremely small.These students learn at a very young age to get along with one another, to share ideas, and to resolve their conflicts in a non-violent fashion. The broader view of Germany and China is that interaction among students at an early age, promotes a more civil society in the picture. While America is more interested in individuality, China and Germany are investing in the future with the concept of group work. China and Germanys outlook on the future with the promotion of teamwork is why their educational system is so prospered when compared to Americas educational system.In a perfect educational system, interaction among students will greatly be encouraged. Teachers are a very distinguished element in successfully transferring knowledge from the teacher to the pupil. In this institution, teachers are not allowed to believe that they are superior to the students. When this occurs, and the inequality sets in, the student will be hesitant to ask questions or so subjects they dont understand. When a student does this, he is unintentionally hurting himself.He will not have gain and understand the admittedly meaning of what is being taught by the teacher because he is more focused on the educational gap between the student and teacher. The student needs to able to question everything that is being taught. By using the Socratic method, students will understand topics rather than believing what other people are saying. There needs to be a respectful relationship between the student and teacher. The student respects the teacher and the teacher respects the student equally. This relationship between student and teacher is very important journey of obtaining knowledge.There should be no other kinds of relationship. The only acceptable form is through the connection that they both share as being teacher and being student. Next, the teacher need to responsible for the materials they are bandaginging. They need to be fluent or else the student will have doubts about the material and ultimately the teacher. The more secure the teacher is with his material the more the student will trust the mat erial and the teacher. If a teacher is not assured and prepared, there will be doubts that will be raised in the minds of the student.More importantly, the teacher will need to care about the student and remove them towards their goal. In A Cub-Pilots Experience, by Mark Twain, Mr. Bixby, the instructor is determined to teach Twain how to pilot a steamboat through the river. Bixby does not use labor but instead lets Twain gradually realize that he is learning. All Bixby does is guide Twain but he lets Twain makes his own mistakes and learn from it. worry Bixby, all teachers need to know when to step aside so that the student can make progress and help the student up when he fails.The virtually beneficial qualities of an excellent teacher are the ability to care for the student and the encouragement teachers provide for the students. Teachers are just an extension of parents caring and encouragement are two characteristics of parents. The next important element in a perfect educ ational institution, is the curriculum. There needs to be a flexible curriculum that accommodates all the different intellectual abilities of all the students. Not all the students will have the same learning capabilities. Some students may have a learning constipation and others may be genuinely intelligent.The curriculum is strict but still is flexible enough to accommodate each individual student. The actual courses need to be comprehensive. The subjects being studied needs to be updated constantly by the teachers. A perfect institution will have all area of studies accessible to the students. whatever particular major or subject will be left to the students to decide. When they do decide what they want to study, there will be the necessary courses to cover that major. In order for a student to pass a course, he needs to be able to teach the information he learned in that course.This teaching method is very important. If a student is able to teach something then that student tr uly understands it. This method of testing the knowledge of the student should be the final examination for every course. This method is more valid than the constant question and answer method being used today, which promotes temporarily memorization. The next fraction in a perfect institution is the actual environment itself. Many people are influenced by their surrounding. An intellectual community needs to look the like an intellectual community.It will be located in an area, which is safe. The students need to feel comfortable. A comfortable learning environment leads to the success of the students. There should be no distractions that will keep the student from learning. In addition, the institution needs to be culturally diverse. All different nationalities will be accepted. There will no forms of discrimination. An Asian person is equal in every respect to Caucasian. On the basis of acceptance to this institution, a students character and ambition are the most important qua lities.Grades will not be extremely important as it is now. With all of these characteristics, the students should be able to concentrate on obtaining their education. Though the task of creating and maintaining a perfect institution is a difficult task, it can be created. People need to come together with this structure and road map in mind. The educated ones need to continue to educate others. In Platos Allegory of the Cave, Plato wrote that people who see the light and understand the true meaning of something, do not want to associate themselves with the uneducated ones.This will not happen in a perfect institution. Plato also wrote, A well governed city becomes a possibility only if you can discover a better way of life for your future rulers than holding office. (page 83) This realization is extremely important to future students. educated people need to think of the future and society as a whole. They need to help educate others, just as others, educated them. If all of thes e characteristics are met in an institution, then that institution can be labeled, perfect.

Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique

Joseph listersRevolutionary uninfected TechniqueKundhavaidevi BalamuruganAH 9Block 13-3-2018It was October 26, 1877, in Kings College and a boy had fractured his patella, also k promptlyn as a kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his show window of hopeless, advising him to amputate. It was 1877 though the height of functional advancements and there was an alternative option wiring his patella was proposed. Wiring his patella mandatory converting a straightforward fracture into a compound fracture deliberately, which was often associated with infection and even death (Cartwright, 2017).The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and new(prenominal) medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would sure as shooting die of infection. His doctor, however, remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent pollution of the surgical equipment and infection of the lesion. He apply car bolic acid to pee antiseptic conditions to perform the surgery.The conditions made the surgery was a success The surgeon to perform this gainsayd surgery was Joseph lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His knowledgeableness of antiseptic treatment, base off of germ possibleness, was the close to influential innovation in surgical report. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering death rate rates and increase the safety of procedures.Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born(p) on April 5, 1827, in Upton, Essex, England.He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active dampen in his education, teaching him how to use a microscope (Mental Floss, 2017). He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which further emphasized science and internal history.By mature 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical subject area, pecul iar(prenominal)ally to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became hold Surgeon at University College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors in Medicine in October 1852. He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under(a) James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later became Symes son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme.On their honeymoon, Lister and his wife visited French and German institutes that inspired Agnes Lister to become Joseph Listers science laboratory assistant. In Listers early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specialized disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation (Cartwright, 2017).This served as a mise en scene to his go naughtiness in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma surmisal, which was favourite at the time, claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. At the time, miasma was thought to be the cause of short-circuit of disease and infection.The origins of the miasma theory can be traced back to ancient China and Europe. Miasma is comparable to smoke, mist, or fog air can widen miasma. Air carrying miasma was considered contaminated. The cause of miasma varied some believed it was from moisture and heat while others thought it originated from rotting organic matter like stillborn insects.Early in his career, he had not believed in miasma. In dressing the wounds, Lister had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. He reasoned that if some wounds could be healed, it was super unlikely that the bad air was the cause of disease and infection.Listers first major surgery was on a woman named Julia Sullivan. Her d runk husband had stabbed her abdomen on a night out and her intestines were exposed.The injury had caused her to pass out. Joseph Lister was the only one present at the facility due to the odd hours (it was early in the morning). At this point of his career, he became house surgeon to Sir Erichsen when Listers predecessor stepped down. He had only been in this position for a month when this incident occurred. He cleaned the wound with warm water, extended the cut on the abdomen, sutured the intestines, then sutured the abdomen with a single thread as opposed to multiple threads (Richardson Rhodes, 2013).This surgery was controversial at the time but it was effective. This manner of surgery is consistent throughout his career unconventional, controversial, yet effective.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861. Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges until a year later, his req uest initially denied.He became in charge of the Male adventure Ward, a new surgical block at the infirmary(Pitt Aubin, 2012).Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was unremarkably treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865.Later he read Louis Pasteurs paper on the germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection, as opposed to bad air as proposed by the miasma theory that was popular at the time. Lister hypothesized that the same function that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis. He postulated that sepsis was caused by pollen-like dust (Cartwright, 2017) . He believed the only dash of contamination was by air. To sweep wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was normally used to disinfect sewage at the time.He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contam ination. He used this method acting on the patients of his ward for several years. The results of his technique was positive. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers.Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination were caused by bad air, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not estimate the reason for unfertilized equipment and techniques. As a result, when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods.The source of disbelieve was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye. If they were not visible, they did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof of his technique being effective (Cartwright, 2017). He altered the administra tion of the carbolic acid, atomiser it now with a machine he called a donkey engine.The donkey engine increased the efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique.In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a elephantine abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid (Fulton, 2017). The Queen approved of Listers methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the Queen of the United nation encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique.Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds were less common. Surge ry was no long-run dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasing success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a wide popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique. He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds.His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. His work in antiseptic technique inspired the brand Listerine to name themselves after Joseph Lister. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to developing better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ideas and approach to antiseptic technique influence our culture and our behavior from our cleansing our mouths with mouthwash in the morning to disinfecting our clothing to using Bactine to disinfect cuts and minor open wounds.His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurrence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts Abo ut Joseph Lister. (2017, September12). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http//mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-listerCartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16).Joseph Lister. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https//www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). The Butchering Art How A 19th Century atomic number 101 Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https//www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-saferPitt, D., Aubin, J. (2012, October).Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/Richardson, R., Rhodes, B. (2013, December 20). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826195/Science Museum. Brought to Life Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http//broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/ bulk/joseph listerRevolutionary Antiseptic TechniqueJoseph ListersRevolutionary Antiseptic TechniqueKundhavaidevi BalamuruganAH 9 Block 13-3-2018It was October 26, 1877 in Kings College and a boy had fractured his patella, or kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his case of hopeless, advising him to amputate. But it was 1877 the height of surgical advancements and there was an alternative option wiring his patella was proposed.Wiring his patella entailed a deliberate conversion of a simple fracture into a compound fracture, which were often associated with infection and even death. The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and other medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would surely die of infection.But his doctor remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent contamination of the surgical equipment and infection of the wound. He used carbolic acid to create antiseptic conditions to perf orm the surgery. The conditions made the surgery was a successThe surgeon to perform this controversial surgery was Joseph Lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His creation of antiseptic treatment, based off of germ theory, was the influential innovation surgical history. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering mortality rates and increasing the safety of procedures.Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born on April 5, 1827 in Upton, Essex, England. He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active part in his education, teaching him natural history and how to use a microscope. He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which emphasized science and natural history.By age 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical field-specifically to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became House Surgeon at Univer sity College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors with Medicine in October 1852.He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later becomes Symes son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme.In his early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specific disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation.This served as a background to his work in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma theory claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. But in dressing the wounds, he had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. Early in his career he had not believed in miasma, a popular th eory of the time in the medical field.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861.Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges till a year later, his request initially denied. He became in charge of the Male Accident Ward, a new surgical block.Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was commonly treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865. Later he read Louis Pasteurs paper on germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection.Lister hypothesized that the same process that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis. He postulated that sepsis was caused by pollen-like dust. He believed the only mode of contamination was by air. To disinfect wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was commonly used to disinfect sewage at the time. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contamination.He used this method on the the patients of his ward for several years. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers. Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination was caused by bad air, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not see the reason for sterile equipment and techniques.As a result when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods. The source of doubt was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye, and hence did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof. He altered the administration of the carbolic acid, spraying it now with a machine he called a donkey engine.The donkey engine increased efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique.In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a large abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid. The queen approved of Listers methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the queen of the United Kingdom encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique.Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds was less common. Surgery was no longer dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasin g success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a widely popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique.He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds. His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to develop better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts About Joseph Lister. (2017, September 12).RetrievedMarch 01, 2018, from http//mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-listerScience Museum. Brought to Life Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http//broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlisterPitt, D., Aubin, J. (2012, October). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https//www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/Cartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16). Joseph Lister.Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https//www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). The Butchering Art How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https//www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-safer

Employee led innovation

Nevertheless, thanks for our dress on mistakes we started to see obvious the inns today we can t be successful when only one attractor is thinking but we can look at the robber from different perspectives and find an appropriate solution when we are discussing it collaboratively. Therefore, the contribution of everyone is essential. Personally, I think that if employees would energize enough right to tell their positions and to present new ideas, thumping corporations could achieve better goals in the end.In my country- Astrakhan and specifically in the regions of post-Soviet countries as Russia, Ukraine or Beleaguers employees are not treated as intellectual people and because of that fact, we have a big coordination among working and ruling class. That problem among employee and employer take to the ineffective work of whole smart set s workers. Good example of using the idea of employee take innovation is the system of Google workers. They are provided with freedom of actio n and do not restricted in their workplace.The main aim of Google Corporation is to provide comfortable conditions for their workers, so they II be able to use their time properly and the work will be effective. The good side of providing such workplace for employees is that they have a freedom and by appropriate time-management, they are able to work effectively on their big projects, and also they are open to new ideas, which can be presented to administration, thanks for what Google looks at the problems from different perspectives fixing every mistake in their search tool, conclusion the right way to increase audience etc.Furthermore, employees work directly with product and method of its production. It can be different product informational, engineer or further simple production of food. Administration and leaders look only at result, which was achieved by the companion, but they are not well informed about how the company is working inside and what problems does it have. Im portant thing to mention here is that leader only knows facts that was presented to him and even if he has some information about overspending on production, he could t look at that problem as professional as employee, who actually works on production of those products.In this case, leaders should to work as filters, choosing the take up solution and employees should to present problem and show the solution as they are more informed and experienced in this field. In other hand, cultural bearing should be mentioned as it plays a major role on how employee works. Referring to my country, we have strict rules at most of governmental and business workplaces, because from the times of the Soviet trade union population of Astrakhan were used to make their best only when failure led to punishment of the worker.Even living in democratic country, direct and fast reconstruction to employee led innovation is not possible as it leads to problems of workers as laziness and procrastination. Th at s the reason why most of national and private companies still don t give full freedom of action ND speech to employees, because before we need to have a good base and experience in this field.Overall, employee led innovation is becoming popular in nowadays as companies see the profit from that system of working. It provides workers with more critical and analytical thinking participating in companys life and giving a chance to improve the sphere, where they are good. However, before the start of process employers should to prepare their workers mentally, so they II be able to work using that system with maximum effectiveness and profit.

Policing Practices and Operations Essay

Law enforcement officers digest many duties. Law enforcement officers be sworn to serve and protect society as well as to fight crime. They in addition maintain order within their jurisdiction, as well as providing other services that the association will benefit from. Most of the m, police officers be considered to be crime fighters, in which this image has been brought to citizens attention by the media. The styles of policing should match the community in which they serve, so on that point is no conflict between the community and the legal philosophy enforcement officer. The future policing structure does have a huge impact socially, economically, and politically within the community and the police departments general needs so that they back tooth go forth the proper policing that is needed. Life threatening situations take place in different circumstances, which includes the virtue enforcement agencies.DangersLaw enforcement officers face being wounded or hit as they are on the line of transaction in the United States, invariablyy year. The greatest threat a police officer will ever face is visible harm and death. When a police force enforcement officer is called to a scene and responds to a disturbance call, the integrity enforcement officer is confronted with the possibilities of violent actions from an armed suspect. Although, bodily harm as well as death upon a police force enforcement officer are not the only dangers in policing. Family issues and stress related illnesses excessively can be contributing factors to the danger of a truth enforcement officer and policing. Law enforcement officers jobs can surely take a toll on their lives as well as their well-being. If the pressures of their type of work are handled and coped with property, it could end up becoming life threatening.Todays constabulary enforcement officers are faced with many dangers within their everyday duties, like rival threats of getting shot. Examples are vehi cle pursuits, traffic control, and foot pursuit, stress, making an arrest, and sun exposure/duty equipment and biohazard exposure. These dangers are exposed to law enforcement officers on a daily basis. This is why it is valuable for law enforcement officers to wear their bulletproof vests as well as their belts that contain pepper spray, radio, handgun, baton, and handcuffs. All of this specified equipment usually will weigh up to about twenty pounds, which adds stress to the law enforcement officers hips, feet, knees, and back areas. Stress to the law enforcement officers body by getting in and out of their patrol vehicle up to about fifty times within one day, as they have to wear all of their equipment. Law enforcement officers are exposed to the extreme temperatures for many hours at a time. They may have to be in extreme arouse conditions, such as one hundred degree heat, enchantment conducting traffic control at a scene of an accident.They also sometimes have to provide cr ime scene security when the hold up may be in freezing conditions. Law enforcement officers are at the mercy of all weather conditions. Also, a lot of the times law enforcement officers are called to a scene and they are not properly alert for it because of the weather conditions and they do not have the time to stop somewhere to get what they need to prepare themselves. They may have to stand out in extremely hot or freezing weather without the proper protection they may need or hydration they so desperately have to have. Law enforcement officers physical dangers have to be dealt with as well as trying to always be ready for the worst. As this can add so much mental and physical stress upon the law enforcement officer. They have to be aware of their surroundings and environment all the time. Law enforcement officers have to be alert as well as being prepared for all situations that may occur.The officer will rarely have time to get prepared for an emergency call. They have to som etimes rely on the procreation the received to be able to make important, split second decisions that are based on different circumstances. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks gained the attention from all the departments within law enforcement. Within the federal policing agencies, they took precautionary measures to make sure that the people ofthe United States were safe. Even though, the local and state agencies have managed to keep the peoples fears at a lower place control within the United States and communities as well. All of the agencies in the United States have to work fearlessly on preventing and reducing the citizens fears caused by act of terrorism. When terrorism is looked into, law enforcement agencies and Homeland security across the world are very imperative that the agencies try to work together in solving the crimes by employ shared information and by having departmental assistance. All in all, terrorism is always a danger for law enforcement officers.St atisticsAs reports were published by the content Police Officer Memorial Funds said that in 2010, officers fatalities treacherously rose. There was a two year drop of law enforcement mortalities in 2010 that rose to 160. This was intensified by about forty percent compared by looking at the year before. The data ga on that pointd by the case Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund indicated that for the thirteenth consecutive year, the number one cause of law enforcement officers deaths were contributed by traffic fatalities, within thirty nine states. Puerto anti-racketeering law and the District of Columbia were also involved in law enforcement officers related deaths in 2010. Within the third consecutive year in a row, Texas, Florida, and California were ranked on top of the five states that involved the most of law enforcement fatalities.The Federal law enforcementOfficers had a total of eleven law enforcement officers that were woolly-headed, including the Federal agents that lost their lives in the line of duty during 2010, along with United States Customs, two United States Border Patrol agents, and three Border Protection officers. tally with the Federal Bureau of Investigations (2011) website, it stated that fifty-six law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty. Thirty two law enforcement officers that were among the fifty-six, were employed within city police departments. xiii of them were employed for law enforcement agencies within cities of a population consisting of 250,000 or more people that reside there. In Puerto Rico and twenty two other states, there was also line of duty deaths as well. There were fifteen law enforcement officers who lost their lives in ambush situations as well.There were fourteen law enforcement officers that lost their lives in felonious attacks while involved in arrest situations. There were eight law enforcement officers that were killed when they were investigating suspicious persons/circumstances. T here were seven law enforcement officers that were killed while working on traffic stops/pursuits. Six law enforcement officers were killed while answering to disturbance calls. There were three law enforcement officers that were killed while they were involved in tactical situations, like high risk entry, barricaded offender, hostage situations, etc. There were two law enforcement officers that were killed upon conducting investigations while searching, interviewing, and looking at surveillance. And one law enforcement officer was killed as they were maintaining custody of a prisoner or while transporting a prisoner.With future policing, I feel that it is important to have close conference with the homeland security. I personally feel that the more communication there is, the more we will progress and bring better policing skills. It is every bit as important to have communication with all law enforcement agencies to help in improving all policing operations that are dealt with. I n future policing, the importance of keeping law enforcement agencies relationships maintained will build better and stronger agencies. With the relationship within law enforcement agencies and homeland security are not as accurate as seemed. It is unsounded that all agencies serve different purposes, as they are all in charge of different types of areas within society to serve and protect. I believe that connecter forces with other agencies would be beneficial.It would be beneficial because by all working together, there could be issues that could be addressed a lot better. Along with pretermit of communication among law enforcement agencies and homeland security, we would be able to better handle the various criminal issues better. I feel that this can also improve community policing and law enforcement relationships. With the new technology equipment that police officers receive, they can work on their policing styles, such as being reactive or proactive. Once these issues are changed, there will be better communication with other law enforcement agencies, as they would be able to serve and protect in much more verifying ways. This will decrease crime rates as well as increasing practices thatare reactive. As crime rates decrease, and proactive and reactive practices are being practiced, then the start of confidence will show within all law enforcement agencies.Although, there are many differences in the power as well as the authority, responsibilities and roles, and the difference in jurisdiction at the local, state, and federal levels within law enforcement officers. It is clearly apparent that all of the dangers within them remain equally the same.ReferencesAmerican bar association. (2011). Standards on urban police functions. Retrieved from http//www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_section_archive/crimjust_standards_urbanpolice.htmlFederal bureau of investigations. (2011). Officers feloniously killed. Retrieved from http//www.fbi.gov/a bout-us/cjis/ucr/leoka/leoka-2010/officers-feloniously-killedCrime in America.NET. (2011). Law enforcement fatalities dramatically increase in 2010. Retrieved from http//crimeinamerica.net/2011/01/04/law-enforcement-fatalities-dramatically-increase-in-2010/

Trends and Issues in Education

Future Needs Change Current Issues and Trends in Education Historically education has changed over the years to meet the needs of children, and their ever changing mold. Society and governance has changed over history to save children from abuse, starvation, and provide educational opportunities moreover has not completely succeeded in these aras within minority classes. The educational recess between whites, blacks, and Hispanics is astoundingly large. This gap extends to healthcare, hitman fury, criminal activity, and poverty. Since 1979, gun delirium has ended the lives of 110,645 children and teens in the States (State of americas, 2011). Gun violence is not a overbold issue to the United States. It can be dated back to the first presidential assassinations and the old west. Gun violence has escalated into religious and political assassinations up to school massacres starting with the Columbine shootings. The United States is not successfully helping our youth with gun pre vention. In 1994 the federal government passed The Youth Handgun pencil eraser Act which prevents juveniles from possessing firearms or ammunition.That same year they passed The Gun-Free Schools Act which prevents firearms on school campuses and requires LEAs to a referral service of those students caught with a firearm (1996). Although the government has enacted these laws gun violence has escalated. According to The State of Americas Children 3,042 deaths of children and teens from gunfire in 2007 alone nearly equaled the total number of U. S. combat deaths in Iraq through July 2011 (3,480) (State of americas, 2011 ). Their data to a fault shows that 11 children or teens die daily from gun related problems.It also states that even though there are fewer black boys in America they are more likely to come into a fatal blow with a firearm. African American males are more likely to die from a gunshot blow than any natural cause of death (1996). The sad issue here is that most of thes e minorities are the product of poor communities. The need to aspect important can be a huge determining factor for these young males, and their need to be accepted into a group. Intervention programs need to be more readily available for these poverty areas. Every 34 seconds a child is born into poverty (State of americas, 2011). America has made significant advancements in technology, civility, and postmodernism but is still stuck in a time warp from the 70s when it comes to poverty. Todays youth still face the poverty epidemic they faced 40 years ago. The demographic of poverty has changed due to the changing face of America, but the epidemic remains the same. pauperism affects a childs educational deed and opportunities as well. The schools funds are rooted in property taxes.Most students of poverty live in areas with low property taxes and therefore school funding is low. sooner of the government making sufficient shifts in funding to give intervention opportunities and pro fessional development, the time warp remains. Teachers come into education unaware of the issues poverty throws on its children. The government has tried to solve the educational poverty issue with No Child Left Behind. This act hides behind the blanket of all children are equal, but the truth is they are not.If they were thus all children would have the same opportunities. There would be programs in place for summer enrichment to help stop the loss of data they experience during the summer. Poverty also shows itself in the minority groups and their graduation success rate. In 200607, 7. 7 million students attended poverty schools 33 percent African American and 35 percent Latino (Child poverty in, 2006). Only half of the African American male population actually graduates high school. Poverty is the root that bears down to hold on to generation after generation.If society does not change its ways of informing families and students then our society is going to nutrition falling b ehind. In order to make minority groups more successful in education, we are going to have to inform them on the statics of graduation, what is needed to graduate, be able to identify at-risk students, and show them the next step, college. If students have a vision of what is next, they can envision themselves on that path. My personal experiences help me and inhibit me in my intellectual of the future of our youth. The fact that I grew up in poverty helps me see the need for intervention.If I was not exposed to the interventions that my school had in place then I would not have had the visions for what I needed to be successful. The downfalls to the interventions were that they were only for those A students. I was exposed to the next step because I did well in school. My mother and father were not high school graduates but pushed and showed that education was important. Though I grew up in poverty, I lived in the suburbs. This inhibits me with gun violence to a certain sense. The only gun violence I was exposed to was the untimely death of a classmate because he was playing with a handgun.I am not familiar with street gun violence, the need to be in a gang or the readily available hand guns. This kept me from beholding the issue of inequality until I reached the classroom as a teacher. I became a teacher in 07 in an inner city school. My familiarity with growing up in poverty helped me connect with my all black classes. I knew when they first saw this white lady they would feel no connection but that promptly changed. They figured out that we had more in common than they thought. I used my experiences of the unknown to keep them from having the same unknowns.I may have no idea of the tending they live in with constant gunfire in their streets at night, I do understand the long, dark path that they see in front of them with no light to guide them through the goals they have rooted in them. I try to provide a spark in the beginning that will ultimately le ad to an ever burning light that shows them there is no dark place, that success is theirs. They can do and be anything they strive to be. Diligence and will are the keys to success. As an educator I have to stay educated on the adverse society we live in and the proven strategies that will help me be successful to keep my students successful.Our future needs a change in education, in poverty, and in thought. Technology is a beautiful tool, but our country has its work force in the wrong pocket. Taking from education is only hindering our future economic success by filling our prisons and emptying our school desks. Gun violence is being used by our youth as a tool for change but this change is a life altering change in the wrong the direction. Having politicians without educational background guiding our educational realm will continue to lead it into a hurricane of destruction.References (2009). African americans and education. Retrieved from http//naacp. 3cdn. net/e5524b7d7cf40a3 578_2rm6bn7vr. pdf Aldridge, J. , & Goldman, R. (2007). Current issues and trends in education. (2nd ed). capital of Massachusetts Pearson Education. (2006). Child poverty in america. Retrieved from http//www. fightpoverty. mmbrico. com/facts/america. html (1996). Reducing Youth Gun Violence, Retrieved from https//www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles/redyouth. pdf (2011). State of americas children. Retrieved from www. childrensdefense. org

Christmas party Essay

The dorm room that I am supposed to live in was a terrible sight. At least that was my initial reaction during my college move in day. Countless staircases, smelly and scary corridors, a room that is so sm alto bugger offher and a chatty roommate gave me such a negative beginning(a) impression of where I am to be stuck in throughout college life. An impression that fortunately is not waiver to last Countless Staircases and Odd-Smelling Corridors The seemingly countless staircases and endless climbing to the third floor of the dormitory make it excruciatingly difficult for my feet to move on.The corridors that lead to my room are quite dark and wood-smelling making it much creepy and intolerable to walk through. Miniature Room The room is exceedingly small that there is to the highest degree no space in between those 2 sets of twin bunk beds and one king size of it foldout bed that may be turned out into a sofa during daytime. In acrimony of its size though, it passs a priva te bath with shower. It also has a cable television, coffeemaker, DVD player, microwave oven, as wholesome(p) as, refrigerator. Conversational RoommateThe dorm room is made lively by an exceedingly talkative roommate. We are four in the room one is a senior, another is a sophomore and deuce of us are freshmen. Our roommate who is already in the senior year greeted me by bombarding me with countless questions including What route are you enrolled in? Are you going to take up BS Biology as come up? Do you know the scientific name of spider? What is your favorite animal? Do you have the heroism to hold large frogs, remove the skin of a cat, and dissect a horse? When I responded yes to the prime(prenominal) two questions and no to the third and last question, she was quick to comment and suggest that I should be hustling with college life and that even it is only the first day the following day, our professors are sure to already relent us excruciating quizzes. Dwellers Relatio nship Our room in the dormitory though it looks and smells really old is quench exceptionally lively because of the dwellers relationship with each other.Sometimes, we do not bother to go to the mess residency and eat or to the mini library and case room to browse through our lessons. We just rest in our room no matter how cramped or inadequate the space is. We bond in concert in our room when working out, eating, and even studying (Xplore.. n. p. ). Sleeping Difficulties Since the dorm room is designed to hold all beds close to each other and no dividers were made available, I had troubles resting or sleeping because two of my roommates have been engaged in non-stop snoring especially at night.Enjoyable Dorm Room thither are other pleasant things or descriptions that go along with our dorm room in antagonism of all the aforementioned complaints and negative adjectives mentioned though. First of all is when there are social events, for instance, dedicate mansion house, Chris tmas party, valentines day celebration etc. During these days/events, the dorm room, especially ours is full of life.During open house days, the room is full of decoration, sandwiches, donuts, as well as, fruits are set on the table, the coffeemaker is continuously switched on while during Christmas party, even the corridors are spray painted with green and red, the walls of the room are pertly painted with Christmas designs as well, then gold-colored balls and multi-colored lights are placed after also, miniature trees are placed in a corner along with small socks and gifts beside and around it during valentines day however, red hearts of all sizes may be seen, either they are glued on to the walls or hanging from all everywhere the ceiling.The decorated dorm room at the time of social events uphold the emotions of an individual that even if love ones are not living with you in that room, you are bound to feel that you are at scale and they will be there for you no matter what ( Xplore.. n. d. ). Second, we have our own lockers outsized enough for our backpacks. The plague of packing before leaving and unpacking after arrival is avoided because we can just place our things there when we get to the dorm and we can just pick it up the next time we leave for school again.Third, folded study tables are provided to us to make studying more interesting and motivating. These study tables have several short pants wherein we can place our school supplies including our books, notebooks, pens, pencils, etc. there are other small compartments as well for any school-related material that needs to be placed where it can be taken speedily and conveniently. Fourth, the dorm room is also provided with an exterior patio where you can enjoy your cup of coffee in the daybreak while watching the ever b respectable rising sun.It is also the perfect area for making creep paintings during a lazy afternoon. In addition to that, it is wonderful to just sit there and observe the easy setting of the sun and even the moon and stars in the middle of the night. A place that is just right for students who wanted to relax, reminisce, or just stare into blank space while passing the time. Finally, the dorm room is full of life because of the things that are in it. These include shining gold and gold medals, as well as, elevated & soaring trophies. All these are bagged by our higher level roommates during the previous semesters.The gold and silver medals were typically acquired from academic contests like science, math, and history quiz bees while the trophies were obtained from soccer championships. The room seemed to be very much alive because it has gotten hold of such awards. The room is radiating with brilliance, sport-mindedness, determination, intelligence, competence, and excellence as it exhibits the recognitions, prizes, and rewards of the people that it houses. graphic symbol Xplor Communications. On- Versus Off- Campus Part 1. 2004. n. a. 22 January 2008 http//getouttoday. com/collegelife/living/apartment/aptvdorm. htm

Edward Scissorhands Theme Analysis

In Edward Scissorhands the main focus of the film is the character Edward himself. Edward is an invention that would appear to be a monster, but has a very good soul. He was left alone and socially disconnected afterward his inventor died, difference him unfinished with scissors for hands. He is dressed in a strange leather come to the forefit and has a messy, untamed black hair. Looking into his eyes you could see the heartache of being trapped in an friendless body.Edward resides alone in the dark dusty signboard before stick, an Avon selling representative, barges in and takes him home after seeing how helpless of a mortal he is. Edward is a very gentle and humble homosexual being with a disconnection to the real world. Being secluded from everything for so long he want the attention cop was willing to give. I think Tim Burtons primary aim was to sketch out this unique character with his fascinating personality.He wanted to show the audience how this person may count on like a monster but on the inside he is really someone special. He easily fascinates the neighbors with his shrub trimming and hair cutting skills. Edward ends up falling in love with Pegs daughter Kim, who was dating the towns bully Jim. Jim always made Edward feel less of a person than he is, and pointed out that he would never be able to hold Kims hand without bother her. Edward gets tricked into a robbery and this misunderstanding turns the town against him.If Edward were just another neighbor, this misunderstanding would have been forgivable. However, since Edward is different and ludicrous as harmful he is shunned out of the town after trying to save Kims teensy brother off the street. Edward ends up back in seclusion in the black and white mansion out of the town where they believe he is dead. The town returns back to normal, but Edward continues to touch them by bountiful the effect of snow falling with the shavings of his ice sculptures.I think Tim Burtons film, Edward Scissorhands, makes a significant dictation on judging others out of the norm. People in todays society have a hard time accepting others that are different, even people from other cultures. This film demonstrates how society plant by the brightly colored, similarly fashioned neighbors and the opposite, Edward, trying to be accepted for who he is. As Peg explained to Edward, blending is the secret, it almost appears as if Edward was more human than those of the suburb.

Finding Scripture: Money and Nationalism Worksheet and Journal Essay

nonesMatthew 619-24 This verse is copulation us that the material things that we pay back here(predicate)(predicate) on earth be not important, the trea incontestables that we atomic number 18 earning while we are here on earth for when we get to heaven are the things that are important. The size of our store house depends on what we do for the Lord while we are here on earth. Matthew 1916-30 This passage is telling us that in order for us to inherit the realm of beau ideal, we must follow messiah wholeheartedly and be born again. If we do not follow Christ we will not inherit the Kingdom of idol. 1 Timothy 610 The verse is telling us that we shouldnt love money because it can be our eventual(prenominal) go acrossfall. It can be coveted by some, and it can detour us from our faith. Colossians 323-25 That if we are going to serve the Lord, we necessitate to do it with a good attitude and do it wholeheartedly without griping and complaining. And if we serve Christ w hile we are here on earth we will receive rewards in heaven. Matthew 2514-29 Whatever the Lord gives us he will bless it, if we remember to give back to him of what we have. We cant be selfish we have to give freely wholeheartedly. Malachi 310 Whatever we have we need to give a ten percent of everything we have. Our tithe belongs to the Lord, and we need to remember to always pay him set-back. And perfection will always bless what you have. God will continually bless you if you give freely to him.Write 2-3 sentences explaining how the six passages higher up might forge the Christian worldview regarding Money These verses remind us of how important it is to give God our time, our money, and anything we have wholeheartedly. We owe God a tenth of everything we have. God will continually bless us, if we give it without griping and complaining.Anything we do for the Lord, whether we serve him, we need to do it in the right attitude. God loveth a cheerful giver. Give a brief epito me after each passage listed below.NationalismMark 1213-17 I believe this passage is talk about our loyalties to Christ and our loyalties to man. Romans 131-7 Paul is telling Christians about how they should be obedient to the presidency, moreover how God is our crowning(prenominal) authority, he is all powerful over anything else. Daniel 31-30 The verse is telling us the tier of Shadrach, Mescach and Obedigo, how back and so King Nebuchadnezzar had a image that was set up, and he ordered that everyone bow down to worship it, well these three boys refused to bow down and worship it, they believed in the one true God. So the might had them thrown into the violent furnace. Well when they threw them in, they looked and noticed that the three men were walking around in the furnace, along with one other person, which was the Son of God. So the King ordered the men to get them out, and when they got them out, the king acknowledged that there was only one true God, and that was the God who had delivered these three men out of the fiery furnace. Daniel 61-28 This passage is talking about King Darius and David, and how they were trying to find fault again Daniel, but when they talked to him they could find no fault or anything else, except the fact that He obeyed the Law of God.Write 2-3 sentences explaining how the four passages immediately above might shape the Christian worldview regarding Nationalism These passages are telling us that veritable(a) though we have a government and people that are in high positions, we must unflurried obey them, but God is our ultimate authority, and He is all powerful and all-knowing above anyone else and above everything else.See Part 2 of this assignment on the next page.Part 2 Journal on NationalismUse the space below to compose a journal of 250-500 words on patriotism by answering the following Is there ever a originator for a citizen of any estateto reject obeying the laws of the land if those swayers do not up hold that countrys values and self-regulations? Whether your response is Yes or No, please provide reasoning for your answer by explaining your answer in terms of your worldview. Well first of all, we can define Nationalism as a belief, when members of a entire nation, have similar goals, and parking lot interest in other things, and they differ from many other people. I personally do not believe there is ever a reason for anyone not to obey the laws of a land, even if those ruler do not uphold that countrys values and self regulations.Im sure there have been times in the past when other people from other countries did not privation to obey certain rules, but Im sure it can be very operose when you fill out from another country and you are so used to living with different rules and regulations, and then you come to our country and there are also different laws to follow. So yes I would say it is a reason for this to happen. My view on Nationalism is, is that we all have a govern ment, and even though God is our ultimate power, it is still important for us to follow the rules of our government. It tells us in the book of Daniel, how we should obey our government and then also obey God. These passages are telling us that even though we have a government and people that are in high positions, we must still obey them, but God is our ultimate authority, and He is all powerful and all-knowing above anyone else and above everything else. It is so hard sometimes to do the right thing, but with God he will make it better.

How to Teach Listening and Speaking in Mandarin Essay

Design a audition speaking caper. You need to clarify the level of the students (e.g. how many an(prenominal) hours they have learnt Chinese, how many characters they have mastered, etcetera), the purposes of the exercises, how you atomic number 18 going to operate these exercises and the reasons why you design and operate the t carry like this.In the t each(prenominal)ing of spoken voice communication, the views of comprehending went by dint of different phases. Earlier views considered listening as the mastery of discrete skills such as recognizing cohesive structure in texts or identifying key manner of speaking in a text etc. Later views introduced the notions of bottom-up and top-down processing and emphasized the grandness of prior knowledge and schema in comprehension. At the same time, the understanding of the role of the listener develop into current views which throw outs his/her active participation in listening, applying strategies to assist, monitor and evalua te his/her own listening. (J. C. Richards, 2008)Speaking takes place in real time, its produced in response to the speech of the person we talk to. This shows its contingent nature. In verbiage teaching, speaking ability increases along with the learners other abilities in the foreign/second language such as vocabulary, listening skill, knowledge of culture etc. mandarin orange is a spoken language, so its learning process is also in line with general rules of language learning/teaching. However, as Mandarin has unique features as a language system, which includes five tones and changing tones in certain circumstances, its of import to take these features into consideration while designing a listening speaking task. The interest is a listening speaking task I tried to design for Mandarin teaching.Listening speaking Task surmount Sheet conviction 50 minutes (2 sessions)Class Level Later Beginners to Lower Intermediate master(prenominal) AimsBy the end of the lesson, the learne rs exit be able to1. Grasp pickle voice communication and Place Expressions.2. effect listening to gist and details.3. bespeak for directions and ask questions politely.Subsidiary Aims1. Improve reading skill.2. Group/pair co subroutineAssumptionsThe learners already had knowledge of Location Words and Place Expressions from Lesson 8, which will suspensor their comprehension of the listening material.Anticipated Problems1. Students efficacy be confused with the direction words.2. Form how to ask questions.3. Pronunciation tones and intonation of some words.Class inditeThe students are 12 adults who come to study in the evening. They have one lesson every week which lasts 2 hours. Some of them travel to China for business trips. The text book they use is Contemporary Chinese I (2003). Theyve spent roughly 60 hours so far to learn Mandarin. They have a expert reign of 325 Chinese words and expressions, 244 Chinese characters, 22 grammar items and 23 communicative, thus have a basic program line of Mandarin.Timetable FitThe students have learnt in lesson 8 about circumspection Words and Places Expressions. This lesson intends to provide them a find out to use the words in real situations. After the lesson, students will be given a cartoon symbolize to practise at home by using these direction words to describe how to function from one place to another. In the next lesson, some students will tell the class about their homework.Materials1. A self- intentional conversation based on Lesson 8 of Contemporary Chinese I.2. A live activity intentional by the author.Exercise I How can they get to the Summer Palace?Time 20-30 minutes endeavor Listening for gist and details. Review what the students learnt in Lesson 8 in the textbook about Location Words and Place Expressions.Preparation A tape recorder with the following conversation. ? ? () ? 379332 ? ? Procedure 1. Give students an exercise sheet, with following questions.(A) True or falsetmn xing zhdo znme q yhyuna. ()yhyun b yunb. ()(B) response the following questionsa. Can they get to the Summer Palace by taking bus 379?b. Which direction should they pull to get to the Summer Palace by and by leaving the bus? c. Why cant they go to the Summer Palace by bike?2. Explain to the students that the conversation is about asking for direction, and look back the Location Words and Place Expressions of Lesson 8, provide the new vocabulary Summer Palace (). 3. Play the tape once, ask the students to do the exercise sheet. 4. Go through the questions, let the students discuss if their answers are different from each other. 5. charter the students to pay to a greater extent attention to some of the details related to their answers. Play the tape again. 6. Go through the questions again, give the right answers. 7. Tell the students that they are going to give details about the direction by and by the listening, so crap notes if necessary. Play the tape for third time. 8. Ask students to work as a sort out to give details of direction so you can draw a map on the jump on to show how to get to the Summer Palace. 9. Check the answer by listening to the tape again.Reasons for the design and operation of this exercise This exercise is designed to provide an opportunity for the students to use all-round skills including listening, speaking, reading and writing. By swelled tasks in steps, students will gradually understand the listening material to a thorough extent. This will hopefully enable them to use what they learnt in a fluent way.Exercise II Guest speaker (G White, 1998, P52)Time 5 minutes in one session, 15-20 minutes in the next sessionPurpose To listen for gist and details to give the students the experience of listening as an audience.Preparation 1. The teacher dresses up as a Guest speaker.2. The Guest Speaker writes a brief note for the class, giving a fewer details about interesting places he has been to. The note can be completely fictitio us to make it more fun. E.g. 2005 I went to the Moon for a holidayProcedure 1. Hand out the copies of the note to the class, ready the students in pairs, and ask each pair to think of one question they would like the Speaker to answer. then the students choose the best 4 questions to be written down. The teacher/the Speaker should not know these questions. 2. Ask the students to think of a list of topics for the Speaker which will be most likely to produce the answers to the questions. publish the topics down. e.g. transportation, places etc.3. Give the list of topics to the Speaker. These will provide guidelines for him in preparing the talk. If the Speaker can develop some photographs or slides during his talk, itll be more interesting. 4. With the students, practise polite ways of asking questions. Also review vocabulary related to touring and food etc. 5. In the next session, the Speaker gives his talk. The students should listen to see if their questions are answered. 6. I f some of the questions have not been answered in the talk, the students could ask the Speaker in a question-and-answer session after the talk.7. After the Q&A session, go through the questions with the students and check the answers.Reasons for the design and operation of this exercise This exercise is designed with the intention to train the students to listen to a live talk, as well as speaking spontaneously. To help the students to achieve the best result from this exercise, in the pre-listening phase, the teacher prepares the students for both top-down and bottom-up processing through activities involving handing out the note, reviewing vocabulary, making predictions (preparing the list of topics) and familiarizing the polite ways of asking questions (so to create a more natural language environment).During the talk, students therefore can listen for comprehension by gist listening, selective listening, sequencing etc. In the post-listening phase, questions are asked by the stu dents to elicit answers, and then answers are checked to ensure that students have good comprehension of the talk. This exercise also encourages the students to work together by discussing what questions they want to ask and how to decide the topics accordingly after deciding the questions. This provides a good chance for students to practise words and phrases they grasped so far, especially Direction Words and Places Expressions.Homework At the end of lesson, give each student a sketch map with banks, post office, bus station, and a park on it. Divide students into three groups, each group will be given a task to describe how to get somewhere from a place. Next lesson, each group will have one student come to the front to tell the whole class. This is to encourage further use of Direction Words and Places Expressions.ReferencesJ C Richards (2008), Teaching Listening and Speaking From guess to Practice, Cambridge University Press http//www.cambridge.org/elt/teacher-support/pdf/Rich ards-Teaching-Listening-Speaking.pdfG. White (1998) Listening, Oxford University PressZhongwei Wu (2003) Contemporary Chinese I, Sinolingua